Conflict Management Business Maniya

The role of research in several fields has greatly increased in modern times. The increasingly complex nature of business and government has focused attention on the use of research in solving operational problems. Research has a great importance in the field of management. Manger’s job is to achieve stated goal and degree of his success in this regard is directly dependent upon his making the right decisions at the right time. Managerial decisions can not be based on only intuitive. They must be based and supported by information. Such information is provided by the research activities of an organization.

Operation research, market research, motivational research helps to manger’s in various situations to make decision. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. The problem of big and small business industry, working condition, trade union activities, the problem of distribution are some areas where research activities are generally conducted.

Generally in the management there are four different stages i.e. analysis, planning, execution and control. In each of the mentioned stages decision making is involved. So research helps in all the above four stages. In Management area mainly 4 types of research are conducted.

• Policy Research: The purpose of policy research is related to the specific problem on which mangers needed more information.

• Managerial Research: Managerial research is related to the specific problem on which managers needed more information.

• Action Research: In normal situation of an organization too research is carried out and termed as action research. In this process data are collected and analyzed on their regular way. This types of research is designed to identify effective ways of dealing with problems in real world.

• Evaluation Research: Evaluation is the process of determining the value or worth of something. This research is related with policy research. To evaluate about the policies, condition of an organization etc. this types of research is done.

The manager should do different sorts of acts to obtain organizational goal. Some acts are recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and leadership etc. Among them, motivation is very much important in organization. Effective motivation is required for good performance from employees. But this task is very challenging. It is not easy to take assistances as manager’s expectation. Some issues raised while motivating the employees are as follows:

a) Motivating to Professional Employees: As the technology has been changing the use of large machinery, tool and technology also increasing nowadays. At this moment the use of experts with specific skill are expanding. For eg. Doctor, Engineer and technicians. It is very difficult and challenging to motivate them. It is better to leave them free than motivating. To motivate them they should be involved in decision process.

b) Motivating Employee doing High Repetitive Task: It also very difficult to motivate the employee who is doing high repetitive task in organization. For eg. the workers who work in industry and perform similar types of work, account keepers and computer operator. While doing similar types of work they feel frustration in their work and willingness to work removes. They need motivation but it is challenging. Following measures should be applied to motivate them.
• Higher remuneration
• Good working environment
• Right man in right place
• Job rotation

c) Motivating Low-skilled Workers: There are many low-skilled workers in organizational operation. Organization can not provide maximum remuneration to them. Effective control and direction is needed. It is challenging work to motivate them. To motivate them following factors are essential:
• By increasing salary
• Making good working environment
• Give opportunity to select favorable time to work in working schedule

d) Motivating Temporary Workers: It is also very difficult to motivate temporary and part time workers. They don’t have cohesiveness towards organization. They don’t take as organization member themselves. They leave the organization in small problem. Following methods can be used to motivate them:
• Giving opportunity to work in permanent post
• Providing good salary on the basis of labour
• Providing training facility
e) Motivating New Employees: It is challenging work to motivate newly recruited employees because they have new idea and expectation. It is difficult to understand their willingness. It this case, we can use following process to motivate them:
• Doing equal behavior with all workers
• Providing training facility
• Giving less work than old workers

f) Motivating Diverse Workforce: Motivating diverse workforce is also challenging work. Because in organization work different persons with different features. While motivating them manager should give attention in following matters:
• Special care of them
• Accepting their different features
• Providing training facility
• Providing good salary

The process of encouraging the human resources to perform organizational activities very well is called motivation. Motivation increases desire and want to perform work internally of the human resources. It encourages the internal desire of employee to work punctually in organization.

The employees should perform their responsibility and workload effectively to achieve organizational goals. To work effectively the employees need two factors. They are: ability and willingness. It can be show by this formula.
Productivity = Ability × Willingness

Training and development increase the skill and efficiency of employees. Like this motivation encourages the willingness to work of employees. In this way, above formula can be modified as:
Productivity = Capabilities × Motivation

The word motivation came from English word ‘motive’. Its word meaning is to create willingness to work in persons. Man has his own desire and willingness. If his desire is completed while working then automatically his desire goes towards work. That is real motivation. After developing the skill and qualification employees need effective motivation. Then after, they perform their own work happily. In this competitive age maximum productivity should be obtained to achieve organizational goals. For this motivation is essential. In this way motivation play vital role to get organizational goals and objectives.

Learning is the change in behavior. The person gets information about new knowledge and technology on the basis of his experience. As the result the person brings change on his behavior is called learning. Different factors affect the learning. They are as follows.

We know that, world is changeable. Rapid change and development can be seen in technological sectors. Large number of change is becoming in the sector of information and communication of technology. The method exchanging information by meeting face to face is going to be replaced by modern and scientific means of communication. For eg. Telephone, Mobile, Message, E-mail, Internet….etc. can be taken. In this situation, different issues have been seen. The major issues seen in present condition are as follows:

a) Electronic Communication: There is rapid development in communication technology. Together direct talking, Fax, E-mail, Internet, Pager, Video, Conference, Voice Message, Cellular Phone, Plam-sized, Personal communitor, Telephone….etc. are used to exchange information. So that, it is challengeable to manage communication.
b) Cross Culture: Development of communication has made the world a global village. In this age of globalization, information is exchanged in between the persons with different culture. In this way, while communicating, different challenge has been seen. It has been added complexity on communication process due to different language, pronunciation and concept.
c) Words Modification: With the development in culture and language, people are starting to use new-new words. So that there has been seeing problems of understanding information.
d) Gender in Communication: Nowadays, females are engaged with different organization and institutions by going out from house. Due to gender, different barrier has been emerged in communication between male and female.
e) Privacy in Communication: There is not certain limitation to keep secrete the information in communication. Due to technological development, organization has been feeling difficult to keep secrete the information.
All these are issues emerged due to technological development in communication.

In this changeable world, there comes continuous change in internal and external environment of organization. Organization should be improved and modified according to changing environment. Then organization can be taken ahead successfully in this competitive environment.

Specially, change is natural law. To adjust with the change in nature or environment, there should be changed in different aspects of organization. In this way, the act of modification in method, process, person, group and organization according to changing environment is known as organizational change. In organizational change, the responsibility, duty and behavior also should be changed, so that employees resist changing. Some causes of employees resist to change are given below;

a) Security Risk: Employees risky about change brought in organization. They think that, work can be done or not in changed situation. Due to this types of fear they resist to change.
b) Habit Change: With the changed environment, the employees also should change their habit. So that they resist to change.
c) Fear of Unknown: What types of works should I do? I can work or not? What types of result will come? This types of question answers are unknown. Due to this types of fear they don’t like change.
d) Poor Communication: If there is not facility of effective communication employees do not get knowledge about change and do not get information about benefit. In this case, employees resist to change.
e) Lack of Involvement: If organization can not involve the employees in managerial process, then employees don’t agree with the change of management.
f) Perception of Inequity: If employees perceive that only special employees or group can get benefit with change. In this way, due to perception of inequity, they don’t want change.

Time and situation are changeable in nature. According to the changing time and situation, the method or process of improving and modifying to organization is called organizational development. Organization has its own goals and objectives. Suitable policy and plans are formulated and implemented to achieve pre-determined goals in organization. While implementing plans it may come change in environment. According to the change in environment, organization should improve and develop strategies, design and work process of organization. This called organizational development. To achieve organizational goal effectively, there should be continue development of organization. Some of the approaches to organizational development are given below.

a) Process Consultation: Organizational development is complex and deep process. Process consultation method can be applied for effective work performance. In this method consultant selected from outside gives information about new methods and process. In this way, to make environment adaptation and for behavioral modification consultation process is beneficial.
b) Sensitivity Training: Next method for organizational development is sensitivity training. It is a free training method, in which employees are given chance to interact freely. Employees exchange idea, belief, concept and knowledge mutually in group. In this way, they get chance to learn and bring change in behavior.
c) Survey Feedback: In this method a survey is done including all work process. Information is collected by using questionnaire from each and every group and departments. According to information, it is found weakness and problems of employees. Then useful method and process are learnt to employees by the help of study and analysis.
d) Team Building: Separate team is prepared including experience persons from different sectors. The team studies and analyses the want, weakness, employee and future need and evaluates work performance. According to study and analysis useful method and process are applied.
e) Inter-Group Development: Formal groups are prepared including employees from different departments to change and develop employees’ concept and behavior. Continuous discussion and interaction are done in group. It plays vital role to co-ordinate in organization.
In this way, by the help of organizational structuring and technological change also we can develop the organization. So that, all above methods is key methods for organizational development.

Coming sound of pots from kitchen is normal like that emerging conflict in the organization is also normal situation in present condition. When people/ employees are in group, they mutually perform the task. In organization, while performing task, they interact and discuss with each other. In this situation, appearing conflict due to difference in argues should be taken as natural process. Because in organization we can see many persons with different cast, culture, religions, language, knowledge, skill, view and desire etc. And while working together may appear conflict, it is normal in business organization. In this situation, organization should search different approaches to solve the conflict and apply systematically.

The need of human resource is increasing with the increasing size of organization. In this situation, probability of conflict also increases. It should be managed in proper way. Conflict does not affect negatively all time. Some time conflict also provides benefit to organization. So that, conflict should be controlled if it is more than required level. If there is not any conflict in organization, the manager should provide persuasion to positive conflict. In this way there must be required level of conflict in organization. This is conflict management. So that, conflict has been taken as natural process.

Disagreement between two groups brings/ creates inter-group conflict. When conflict arises between two groups, it affects negatively in the relation of these groups. Doing behavior with each other of groups changes. One group takes another group as opponent. They reach on the situation of wining others. Environment without co-operation creates between them. Problems seem in co-ordination. They show covert and overt behavior with each other. This behavior may be normal and dangerous. Normally, groups show these types of behavior in conflict.

a) Dissatisfaction: At the starting level of conflict one group shows dissatisfaction on activity, decision and assumption of next group. They take their mind towards bad activities of opponent only and don’t go attention towards good works.
b) Disagreement: Together with increasing level of conflict, the relation between them decreases. Misunderstanding between them increases in different conditions. At that time, one group keeps different view in decision and work of other groups. In this way disagreement increases between them.
c) Overt Questioning: With the increasing level of conflict, one group easily starts to ask questions towards other groups’ activities. So that, third party also gets information about conflict. They practices to give information to outsides by overt questioning.
d) Challenging: Together increasing inter-group conflict, the mutual behavior of groups become hard and hard. They start to give challenge that the work done and decision made by them are right.
e) Verbal Attacks: As the result of conflict they start to scold to others. They start to return answer in loud sound. They present verbal attacks by the help of facts and proofs.

Like above, other different types of behavior also can be seen at the time of conflict of groups in organization. Other behavior shown in groups are Threat and Ultimatum, Aggressive Physical Attacks, Overt Destroy etc.

Conflict in group does not remain same. The environment of organization is changeable. With the changing environment, the relation between groups also changes. Like that, it also comes change in inter-group conflict. In this way, change seems in nature, form and size of conflict. This is called dynamics of inter-group conflict. Conflict brings change in relation of two groups. Following types of changes are seemed due to inter-group conflict.

Learning and Business organization are closely interrelated. We know that, the child at the bearing time has not learnt anything. He learns slowly. So that, learning is very much important for business organization. The behavior of person is changed by learning. There are many persons involved in an organization. Learning changes the behavior of persons and then the behavior of business organization also take certain form. Thus, the business organization should provide good opportunities to learn good matters. So that, learning is defined as the way which changes permanently the behavior of employees in business organization. That’s why learning is essential in business organization to change the behavior of workers. Learning is that types of feelings including pure subject, without it men can’t make their life civilized and successful. So that, men of business organization spend half of life on learning. Relation and significance can be shown following ways:

1. Relation and Significance with Organization: Organization can’t ahead without developing skill and knowledge of manager and employees. In the age of globalization and changing environment there is necessity to make competent the manager and employees. And which is only possible by learning. So that learning and organization have deep relation.

2. Relation and Significance with Manager: Manager is responsible of his and employee's work. Learning may be the tools to control and develop employees. By the help of learning manager can prepare the worker with good skill for future and present. He can operate training according to learning. In this way, learning is also related with manager of business organization.

3. Relation and Significance with Employees: The employees of business organization change their behavior by the help of learning. Determinants of individual behavior like; view, belief, value, feeling, motivation….etc. are used in suitable way by the help of learning. Person develops his skill, knowledge, efficiency and power by learning. So that the learning has good relation with different aspects of business organization.

In this way, learning is related with all sectors of business organization closely. The country which uses large numbers of learning, the opened business organization can improve operational effectiveness.

Communication is the process of transfer message/ ideas/ notices in systematic ways. So that receivers understand what sender wants to make understand to receivers. In general language, communication is the exchange of information or message in between two or more than two persons. Communication plays vital role in direction, co-ordination and conflict management. A good manager should have capacity to flow message to related persons in required level.

There are different tasks of communication in organization. It plays effective role while operating managerial activities and solving intergroup conflict. Communication provides input to the members of organization to perform right work, in right time with right way. Its functions can be denoted as follows:

1. Information Flow: Organization can’t be operated without flow of information. In success of organization and regular operation of task, organization needs information. And communication provides all these information to related persons and places.

2. Helps to Management: All managerial activities and programmes are run by the help of information. For directing, controlling, co-coordinating, motivating, leading and other matters there must be communication.

3. Environmental Adoption: Organization must keep good relation with the factors of internal and external environment for success of organization. To keep information and make decision about factors of external environment like; society, shareholder, government, customer, agent, competitor etc, Communication plays vital role.

4. Increases Productivity: Productivity and communication are interrelated matter. Problem solving and persuasion play vital role to increase productivity. Required information for these two matters is obtained from communication. So that communication is important to increase productivity.

5. Promotes Cohesiveness: Communication not only flows the messages, it links the works and group members. In this way linkage makes the workers cohesiveness towards the organizational goals. So that, communication is needed to increase cohesiveness.
In this way, there are other many functions of communication like; Improve Human Relation, Solves Inter-Group Conflict, Emotion Expression, Control the Activities etc.

There are different causes and sources of conflict in organization that we know. Conflict is not only negative, it is also positive in nature. The conflict which affects positively to organization is positive conflict and the conflict, which has negative effects towards organization, is negative conflict. It should be solved quickly. And approaches to conflict resolution are as follows.
1. Problem Solving: The managed method of problem solving can be applied to solve conflict. For this, the related members are brought face-to-face for open orientation. After that, real problem is identified and tried to solve. In mutual orientation, all aspects of conflict keep their idea, view and desire according to this matter conflict is solved. In this case, help of consultants and facilitator can be taken.
2. Super Ordinate Goals: Next important measure to manage conflict is super ordinate goals. In this method, organization prepares new super ordinate goals of two related party. Then conflict disappears automatically.
3. Expansion of Resources: Specially, conflict becomes on the topic of resources allocation. At that time, organization should try to allocate the resources in required level, then conflict will disappear slowly.
4. Avoidance Technique: In this method two strategies are applied. First is not to bring out the conflict of different persons. And second, Solutions are collected without giving any information to the related members and conflict will be far.
5. Compromise: Compromise is another important method to solve conflict. In this method, both aspects get something and try to lose something. There is one saying that “to get something, something should be loose”. Like this, by collective bargaining both aspects go to agreement and conflict finishes.
In this way, there are other many measures to solve conflict. For eg. Smoothing, Altering the Human Variables, Altering the Structural Variables, Authoritative Command….etc are other important measures to manage conflict.

Conflict stimulation is also a measure to solve conflict. In traditional concept, conflict was taken as dangerous factor. But in modern concept, conflict is not taken as dangerous all time. Nowadays, some institutes create conflict to find new way and for innovation. If there is not created conflict in institute, manager should think that there is some mistake. That’s why conflict is index of development. So that while solving the conflict, it is necessary to create the conflict. While creating conflict, following methods should be applied;

1. Use of Communication: Communication encourages and discourages the conflict. So that, while creating conflict in required level unclear message should be sent. Threatened and challenge to the workers also a measure to create conflict.

2. Bringing in Outsider: Conflict also can be created by entering members with different background, value, view and managerial skill. The discussion with the person with different background helps to find new way. In this way, orientation with different members from outsides provides creative way at last.

3. Restructuring the Organization: By changing current design of organization, functional conflict can be created. With the help of restructure, the size of organization is changed. In this way with the help of restructure different difficulties and problems are solved in current situation.
4. Appointing a Devil’s Advocate: Appointing a Devil’s Advocate, the organization also can create the conflict. This types of person solves the problems differently of the members of organization. He works as conflict motivator. If he has good skill, knowledge and mind, can be good advocator of organization.

There are other many methods to create conflict for eg. Removing the person from work, making disagreement with group, Organization and Helpers and Changing the rules, regulation and policy, conflict can be created. In this way, while managing conflict, organization should create conflict in required level.